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Duran Simeon ben Zemah
שמעון בן צמח דוראן
1361-1444
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Autorité rabbinique, cabaliste et philosophe. Il est né en 1361 dans l'île de Majorque. Il est un proche de Levi ben Gershon. Il est un des élèves à d'Ephraim Vidal, et de Jonah de Maestre, rabbin à Saragosse ou Calatayud. Après les persécussions de 1391, la famille s'installe à Alger. Il y pratique la médecine, tout en poursuivant ses études. En 1394, avec le rabbin Isaac ben Sheshet, il rédige les statuts de la communauté juive d'Alger. À la mort d'Isaac ben Sheshet, il devient rabbin d'Alger. Après le massacre de palma, où il perd ses biens, il est rémunéré par la communauté. Écrits relatifs à la musiqueLa protection des pères Ouvrage religieux traitant de plusieurs sciences. Il est divisé en quatre parties. Las passages relatifs à la musique sont contenus dans la 3e partie. A - Acoustique aristotélicienne - Le roi David était un maître en science musicale - Les musicien lévites du Temple - Musique et thérapie. B - Les trois genres - Lectures prophétiques - Les mélodies pour les piyyûtîm. Certaines sont reprises des arabes. Elles sont plaisantes et attractives. D’autres, venues de France, sont reprises des chrétiens et s’adaptent mal aux paroles - Sur le te’amîn. C - Exégèse cabaliste sur les sept cordes de la lyre du Temple, les huit cordes de la lyre messianique, et les dix cordes de la lyre du monde. Manuscrits
Éditions
Bibliographie
Jean-Marc Warszawski
Simeon ben Zemah Duran (1361-1444) ; Hebrew: שמעון בן צמח דורא, known as Rashbatz (רשב"ץ), was a Rabbinical authority, student of philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, and especially of medicine, which he practised for a number of years at Palma (de Majorca). Simon ben Zemah was born Adar, 1361, not in Barcelona, as Zunz (Zeitschrift, p. 132) and others assert, but on the island of Majorca; a near relation but not a grandson of Levi ben Gershon. He was a pupil of Ephraim Vidal, and of Jonah de Maestre, rabbi in Saragossa or in Calatayud, whose daughter Bongoda he married. After the persecution of 1391 (in Balearic Isles) he went with his father and sister to Algiers, where, in addition to practising medicine, he continued his studies during the earlier part of his stay. In 1394 he and the Algerine rabbi Isaac ben Sheshet drafted statutes for the Jewish community of Algiers. After Sheshet's death Simon was chosen as rabbi on condition that he would not, like his predecessor, have his election confirmed by the regent. As Duran had lost all his property during the massacre at Palma, he was forced against his will to accept a salary from the community, not having other means of subsistence. He held this office until his death. His epitaph, written by himself, has been reprinted for the first time, from a manuscript, in Orient, Lit. v. 452. According to Joseph Sambari, Simon was much respected in court circles (Medieval Jew. Chron. i. 130). He was the father of the Rashbash. Catalogue des œuvresSimon was a very active literary worker. He wrote commentaries on several tractates of the Mishnah and the Talmud and on Alfasi (Nos. 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, and 16 in the list of his works given below); he treated of various religious dogmas and of the synagogal rite of Algiers (Nos. 5, 8, 10, 16), while in his responsa he showed a profound acquaintance with the entire halakic literature. His theologico-philosophical scholarship, as well as his secular learning, is conspicuous in his elaborate work, Magen Abot, in which he also appears as a clever controversialist (No. 7). The same ability is evidenced in his writings against Hasdai Crescas, which afford him an opportunity to defend Maimonides (No. 2), in his commentary on the Pentateuch (No. 6), where he takes occasion to enter into polemics with Levi ben Gershon, and in that on the Book of Job (No. 1), especially the introduction. In his commentary on the Pirke Avot he shows a broad historical sense (No. 7, part iv.) and it is not improbable that the tradition which ascribes to him the historico-didactic poem Seder ha-Mishneh leha-Rambam (No. 9) is well founded. Simon also wrote a considerable number of poems, both religious and secular (Nos. 9 [?], 15); commented on the Pesah Haggadah, the Hoshanot, the works of more ancient poets (Nos. 5 (c), 13, 14), and he was the author of numerous pamphlets. The following list of Duran's writings is arranged according to the letters of the Hebrew alphabet, on the basis of a catalogue drawn up by the author himself (Responsa, vol. iii.):
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Références / musicologie.org 2009